They also invented:
-Writing: They were the first people to develop their language into a form of writing on paper.
-Papyrus: the first paper-like material. for over 3000 years, papyrus was the most. important source of writing.
-Black ink: mixing vegetable gum, soot, and bee wax, Black ink was made. Soot was replaced with other materials such as Ochre to make different coloured ink.
-Ox-drawn plough: The power of Oxen was used to pull the plough for farming purposes.
-The sickle: the sickle is a curved blade used for cutting and harvesting grain.
-Irrigation: the Egyptians constructed canals and irrigation ditches to prevent the yearly flooding of the Nile river destroying their villages and to bring water to distant fields.
-Shadoof: the Shadoof is a long balancing pole with a weight on one end and a bucket on the other. this was used to gather water and easily raise it from the ground.
-The calender: Egyptians used the yearly appearance of sirius {the dog star} in the eastern sky to devise the solar calculator.
-Clocks: the Egyptians made two types of clocks
-Obelisks were used as sun clocks. using Obelisks Egyptians determined the longest and shortest days of the year.
-inscriptions in tombs showed the water clock made from a stone vessel with a tiny hole at the bottom.
-Toothpaste: using ox hooves, ashes, burnt eggshells, and pumice, toothpaste was made. a powder was also made for "white and perfect teeth"
-Mummification: the Egyptians were experts at preserving bodies of the dead, so much so that even after thousands of years we can see what types of diseases Egyptians suffered from. this was done by:
-using a hook through the nose to remove the brain
-making a cut on the left side near the belly area and removing all internal organs
-letting the organs dry
-placing the lungs, liver, intestines and stomach inside jars
-placing the heart back into the body
-rinsing the body with wine and spices
-cover the corpse in natron salt for 70 days
-after 40 days stuff the body with sand to retain a more human shape
-after 70 days wrap the body in bandages from head to toe
-place the mummy in a sarcophagus {kind of like a coffin}
-if the body were of a Pharaoh, he would be placed inside a special burial chamber with his treasure.
